Caracterización clínica y epidemiológica de pacientes diagnosticadas con embarazo molar durante los años 2012-2019 en el Hospital de Chillán / Clinical and epidemiological characterization of patients diagnosed with molar pregnancy during the years 2012-2019 in Hospital de Chillán

La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional (ETG) constituye un conjunto heterogéneo de afecciones malignas y benignas derivados de la proliferación anormal del trofoblasto o de las células germinales de ambos sexos. La ETG tiene una incidencia variable a lo largo del mundo. A nivel nacional, no se han realizado estudios de caracterización epidemiológica de esta población y, frecuentemente, los datos manejados están basados en estudios extranjeros. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las pacientes diagnosticadas con embarazo molar en el período transcurrido entre el año 2012 y 2019, en el hospital Clínico Herminda Martin de Chillán. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional transversal de serie temporal, se consideró el número total de fichas clínicas del Hospital Clínico Herminda Martin de Chillán durante los años 2012 al 2019, con diagnóstico confirmado de Embarazo Molar. Los datos se registraron en la hoja de recolección de datos elaborada, realizándose los análisis estadísticos pertinentes. Resultados: Se analizaron 44 pacientes, la edad promedio de presentación fue de 30.96 años. Los principales síntomas de consulta fueron metrorragia 52.27% (n=23) y dolor abdominal 20.45% (n=9). El principal tratamiento efectuado fue aspiración y legrado en un 77,27% (n=34). El 4.54% (n=2) presentó recurrencia, presentando un segundo episodio de embarazo molar. Conclusiones: El embarazo molar es una patología poco frecuente, pero es un diagnóstico diferencial a tener en cuenta, sobre todo cuando nos enfrentamos a mujeres en edad fértil que consultan por metrorragia o dolor abdominal.

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTS) is a heterogeneous group of malignant and benign conditions derived from abnormal proliferation of the trophoblast or germ cells of both sexes. GTS has a variable incidence throughout the world. Nationally, no epidemiological characterization studies have been carried out for this population and, frequently, the data handled is based on foreign studies. Objective: To determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with molar pregnancy between the period between 2012 and 2019 at the Hospital Clinico Herminda Martin of Chillan. Materials and methods: Retrospective observational descriptive cross-sectional study, considering the pregnancies registered at the Hospital Clinico Herminda Martin of Chillan during the years 2012 to 2019, with a confirmed diagnosis of Molar Pregnancy, as sample of study. The data were recorded on the prepared data collection sheet, performing the relevant statistical analyzes. Results: 44 patients were analyzed, the average age of presentation was 30.96 years. The main symptoms of consultation were metrorrhagia 52.27% (n = 23) and abdominal pain 20.45% (n = 9). The main treatment was aspiration and curettage in 77.27% (n = 34). 4.54% (n = 2) presented recurrence, presenting a second episode of molar pregnancy. Conclusions: Molar pregnancy is a rare pathology, but it is a differential diagnosis to take into account, especially when we are faced with women of childbearing age who consult due to bleeding or abdominal pain.

Evaluation of Prevalence of Changes in Thyroid Functional Tests in Mole Hydatiforme

Introduction: Mole hydatiforme is the most common type of gestational trophoblast disease (GTI) and the aim of this study, is evaluation the frequency of changes in thyroid function test in mole hydatidiform patients. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, 63 patients with mole hydatidiform who reffering to gynecolgy ward of Ali ibn Abitaleb Hospital in Zahedan from April 2016 to March 2017, were studied. Information such as age, gravidity and laboratory findings inclluding thyroid function test (TFT) and the presence or absence of clinical sympltoms were recorded in the information forms and analyzed by SPSS software. Results: In this study, 63 patients with mole hydatidiform were studied. The mean age of the patients was 26.6 ± 7.7 years. The most common clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism in patients with mole hydatidorme was tachycardia (39.7%). There was no relationschip between age and gravidity with the hyperthyroid simptoms and thyroid function test. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study showed ttat 67% of patients with mole hydatidiform hay reduced TSH and more than 50% of cases hay increased free T3 and T4. There was no relationship between maternal age and gravidity with changes in thyroid functional test (AU)

Profil épidemio-clinique et échographique des moles hydatiformes à Abidjan

Introduction: décrire les aspects épidémio-cliniques et échographiques des môles hydatiformes (MH) à Abidjan. Méthodes: étude transversale de 6 ans (janvier 2011 à décembre 2016) réalisée au CHU de Yopougon au Service de Radiologie. Elle a consisté en la description du profil épidémio-clinique et échographique des patientes porteuses de MH. Les examens échographiques ont été réalisés par voie mixte (endovaginale et sus pubienne) en modes B et Doppler Couleur par des radiologues seniors. Une étude anatomo-pathologique du contenu utérin a été effectuée.Résultats: vingt-cinq cas de MH ont été diagnostiquées sur 12,190 échographies obstétricales réalisées soit 0,2% d'incidence radiologique. L'âge moyen des patientes était de 33,4 ans avec des extrêmes de 22 et 50 ans. Il n'y avait pas de classe d'âge dominante. La notion de masse abdominale 36% et de métrorragies 28% étaient les signes cliniques prédominants qui accompagnaient l'aménorrhée (100%). Sur le plan échographique, l'utérus était hypertrophique dans 100% des cas, homogène dans 96% et myomateux dans 4% des cas. La MH avait une épaisseur moyenne de 42,7mm. Son aspect était décrit comme vésiculaire dans 68%, en nid d'abeille dans 16%, multikystique dans 12% et en tempête de neige dans 4%. Les MH étaient classées partielles dans 4% des cas, complètes dans 92% des cas et invasives dans 4% des cas. Les ovaires étaient hypertrophiques dans 44% des cas avec une notion de macrofollicules dans 32% et des kystes dans 8% des cas. Le diagnostic échographique de MH a été confirmée à l'anatomopathologie dans 100% des cas.Conclusion: les MH demeurent rares à Abidjan et sont dominées par la forme complète. La notion de survenue à des âges extrêmes n'a pas été retrouvée

Mola hidatidiforme completa con preeclampsia e hipertiroidismo: presentación clásica / Complete hydatidiform mole with preeclampsia and hyperthyroidism: classic presentation

Introducción: La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional es un espectro de enfermedades de la placenta, existiendo entre ellas algunas con potencial de invasión y metástasis, dentro de las cuales se incluye la mola invasiva, coriocarcinoma, tumores del sitio de inserción de la placenta y mola hidatidiforme. Esta última a su vez se divide en mola completa y parcial, diferenciándose en histopatología, morfología, cariotipo, malignización y comportamiento clínico, que es el punto al cual nos referiremos en este caso. Caso clínico: mujer de 46 años ingresa por hemoptisis, metrorragia, disnea a pequeños esfuerzos, ortopnea y disnea paroxística nocturna, asociado a hipertensión, taquicardia, masa hipogástrica firme e inmóvil y edema de extremidades. Se realiza ecografía abdominal compatible con MH y bhCG elevada. Evoluciona con crisis hipertensivas, insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva y tirotoxicosis. Inicia trabajo de parto expulsando 665 grs de mola, presentando posteriormente a legrado uterino anemia severa y shock hipovolémico, requiriendo transfusiones y drogas vasoactivas. Se recupera progresivamente con posterior control al alta de bhCG indetectable a los 6 meses. Discusión: Es infrecuenta en la actualidad la presentación clínica clásica de la mola hidatidiforme completa debido al diagnóstico y control precoz del embarazo asociado al uso masivo de la ecografía. Sin embargo es relevante tener un alto grado de sospecha de esta patología debido a sus graves consecuencias, y así realizar una derivación y manejo precoz.

Background: Gestational trophoblastic disease is a spectrum of diseases of the placenta, existing some with potential for invasion and metastasis, among which include invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, tumors of the insertion site of the placenta and hydatidiform mole. The last one is divided into complete and partial mole, differing in histopathology, morphology, karyotype, and clinical malignant behavior, witch is the point we refer to in this case. Case report: 46 year old woman admitted for hemoptysis, metrorrhagia, dyspnea on slight exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea associated with hypertension, tachycardia, firm and immovable hypogastric mass and limb edema. Abdominal ultrasound compatible with MH and high BhCG is performed. Evolve with hypertensive crisis, congestive heart failure and thyrotoxicosis. Labor starts driving out 665 grams of mole, after the curettage present hypovolemic shock and severe anemia requiring transfusions and vasoactive drugs. It gradually recovers further control the discharge of BhCG undetectable at 6 months. Discussion: It is currently infrequent classical clinical presentation of complete hydatidiform mole due to early diagnosis and management of pregnancy associated with the widespread use of ultrasound. However it is important to have a high degree of suspicion of this disease because of its serious consequences, and thus make a referral and early management.

Atualização no diagnóstico e tratamento da gravidez molar / Update on the diagnosis and treatment of molar pregnancy

A doença trofoblástica gestacional (DTG) é um termo aplicado a um grupo de tumores relacionados à gestação, caracterizado por entidades clínicas benignas (mola hidatiforme ? MH) e malignas (neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional ? NTG). Os principais desafios para o tratamento das pacientes com MH abrangem o diagnóstico precoce, esvaziamento uterino imediato e seguimento pós-molar regular com dosagem sérica de hCG, melhorando assim o prognóstico das pacientes, sua qualidade de vida e resultados reprodutivos. A atualização das estratégias diagnósticas e terapêuticas envolvidas no tratamento da DTG, foco deste trabalho, tem por objetivo melhorar esse cenário, contribuindo para o maior conhecimento sobre o assunto.

The gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a term applied to a group of pregnancy related tumors, characterized by benign clinical entities (hydatidiform mole ? HM) and malignant ones (gestational trophoblastic neoplasia ? GTN). The main challenges for treatment of patients with HM include early diagnosis, immediate uterine evacuation and systematic post-molar follow-up with seric dosage of hCG, improving the prognosis of patients, their quality of life and reproductive outcomes. The focus of the present paper is the update of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies involved in the treatment of GTD aiming to improve this scenario to enhance the knowledge on the subject.

Gestação gemelar com mola hidatiforme completa e feto vivo / Twin pregnancy with a complete hydatidiform mole and live fetus

A gestação gemelar com mola hidatiforme completa que coexiste com feto vivo (GGMC) é uma entidade rara. Embora as recomendações sejam de conduta expectante, são descritas diversas complicações maternas e fetais, como o aumento da incidência de abortamento espontâneo, de parto prematuro, de sangramento vaginal, de pré-eclampsia grave e de doença trofoblástica persistente, entre outras complicações. Neste trabalho, descrevemos a evolução clínica de um caso de GGMC que evoluiu para crise tireotóxica, pré-eclâmpsia grave, interrupção da gestação e necessidade de cuidados intensivos maternos. A necropsia fetal evidenciou feto do sexo feminino, sem malformações aparentes, com alterações placentárias que favorecem cromossomopatia. A avaliação dos restos ovulares evidenciou vilosidades com hiperplasia do trofoblasto e vesículas, achados compatíveis com mola hidatiforme completa. Atualmente, após 15 meses de seguimento, a paciente permanece assintomática e com níveis indetectáveis de gonadotrofina coriônica.

Twin pregnancy with complete hydatidiform mole coexisting with a live fetus is a rare entity, and although the recommendations are expectant management of various maternal and fetal complications are described, such as increasing the number of spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, vaginal bleeding, pre-eclampsia and severe persistent trophoblastic disease, among other complications. In this paper, we describe the clinical course of a case of GGMC who developed thyrotoxic crisis, preeclampsia severe, termination of pregnancy and maternal need for intensive care. Fetal autopsy showed a female fetus with no apparent defects; with placental changes favoring chromosomal disorders. The evaluationof ovular remains showed villi with trophoblastic hyperplasia and vesicles, suggestive of complete mole. Currently, after 15 months of follow up, the patient remains asymptomatic with undetectable levels of chorionic gonadotropin.

Displasia mesenquimal placentaria: caso clínico / Placental mesenchymal dysplasia: a case report

La displasia mesenquimal placentaria es una entidad poco conocida, de etiología incierta y subdiagnosticada. Frecuentemente, es confundida con enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional debido a que se presenta con hallazgos ultrasonográficos caracterizados por una placenta engrosada, con quistes e imágenes hipoecogénicas y niveles de gonadotrofina coriónica humana normales o levemente aumentados. El feto es frecuentemente viable y puede manifestar retraso del crecimiento intrauterino, prematurez o asociarse al síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann. Se presenta el caso de una mujer joven con un parto pretérmino con placentomegalia, sospecha de mola hidatidiforme parcial y un recién nacido pequeño para la edad gestacional.

The placental mesenchymal dysplasia is a not well known entity, with an uncertain etiology and under diagnosed. It is frequently confused with gestational trophoblastic disease because of its ultrasonographic features of a thick placenta, cysts and hypoechogenic images, with normal or slightly increased levels of human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone. The fetus is often viable and can manifest intrauterine growth restriction, prematurity or be associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. We present a case report of a young woman with a preterm delivery, placentomegaly, suspicious of a partial hydatidiform mole and a low growth newborn.

Embarazo ectópico molar tubárico: a propósito de un caso clínico / Tubal ectopic pregnancy molar: a case report

Introducción: La incidencia de gestación ectópica es 20/1000 embarazos. La mola hidatiforme ocurre en 1/1000 embarazos. Los casos de mola hidatiforme en embarazos ectópicos albergados en las trompas de Falopio constatados en la literatura mundial son excepcionales. Objetivo: Presentamos un caso clínico de embarazo ectópico molar tubárico y revisión de la literatura. Conclusión: La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional asociada a embarazo ectópico es un entidad extremadamente rara que debe tenerse en cuenta por su trascendencia.

Introduction: The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is 20/1000 pregnancies. The hidatidyform mole occurs in about 1/1000 pregnancies. The cases of hidatidyform mole in ectopic pregnancies located in the Fallopian tube collected in world literature are exceptional. Objective: We present a clinical case of an ectopic molar pregnancy in the tubes and a literature review. Conclusion: The trophoblastic pregnancy disease associated to an ectopic pregnancy is an extremely rare entity that should be considered because of its transcendence.

Recurrent hydatidiform mole: a case report of six consecutive molar pregnancies complicated by choriocarcinoma, and review of the literature

Hydatidiform mole [HM] is the most common form of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Recurrence of HM is extremely rare. Here, we report the case of a patient with six consecutive partial HMs without normal pregnancy. A 42-year-old lady who was referred to us at King Fahad Hospital of the University, Al Khobar, initially as a case of 26-year-old with persistent trophoblastic disease after three recurrent molar pregnancies that were confirmed histologically in the referring hospital. She underwent evacuation and curettage and was followed up by serial beta -human chorionic gonadotropin levels, and did not require chemotherapy. She then had three more molar pregnancies in 1995, 1996, and 2004; all molar pregnancies were evacuated by suction curettage at her base hospital, but in the last event, she complained of shortness of breath and abdominal pain. Diagnostic workup in our hospital confirmed choriocarcinoma, for which she received multiple regimen chemotherapy and was cured. Unfortunately, she lately presented with symptoms suggestive of premature menopause

Coriocarcinoma: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Choriocarcinoma: a case report and literature review

A neoplasia trofoblástica gestacional engloba um grupo raro de doenças que inclui a mola hidatiforme completa, a mola hidatiforme parcial, a mola invasora, o coriocarcinoma e o tumor trofoblástico do sítio placentário. No Brasil, a forma mais comumente observada é a mola hidatiforme completa, cuja incidência é de 1: 200–800 gestações e cerca de 2–3% dos casos evoluem para o coriocarcinoma. Com a realização cada vez mais frequente do exame ultrassonográfico do primeiro trimestre, os casos clínicos exuberantes são cada vez mais raros. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um caso de mola hidatiforme completa que evoluiu para coriocarcinoma e correlacioná-lo com a literatura existente.

The trophoblastic neoplasm of pregnancy encompasses a raregroup of diseases that includes the complete hydatidiform mole,the spring partial mole, the invasive mole, the choriocarcinoma andthe placental site trophoblastic tumor. In Brazil, the most commonlyobserved is the complete hydatidiform mole track, whose incidence is 1: 200–800 pregnancies and about 2–3% of cases evolve intothe choriocarcinoma. With the adoption of the first trimester ultrasound examination, exuberant clinical cases are increasinglyrare. The objective of this paper is to present a case of completehydatidiform mole that progressed to choriocarcinoma and correlateit with the existing literature.

Anormalidades do primeiro trimestre da gravidez: ensaio iconográfico / First trimester pregnancy abnormalities: iconographic essay

As anormalidades do primeiro trimestre da gravidez são detectadas pela ultrassonografia transvaginal em exame de rotina ou em caso de sangramento vaginal anormal. A ameaça de abortamento é uma afecção comum no primeiro trimestre da gestação, ocorrendo em mais de um terço dos casos. O advento de sondas vaginais de alta resolução vem revolucionando nossa compreensão da fisiopatologia e o manejo da gestação inicial. Trata-se de ferramenta essencial para determinar a viabilidade da gestação nos casos de ameaça de abortamento. Uma conduta expectante no abortamento poderia reduzir significativamente o número de esvaziamentos desnecessários de produtos retidos, dependendo dos critérios utilizados.

First trimester pregnancy abnormalities may be detected by transvaginal ultrasonography at routine examinations or in cases where abnormal vaginal bleeding is present. Threatened miscarriage is frequently observed in the first trimester, occurring in more than one-third of pregnancies. The advent of high-resolution transvaginal ultrasonography has revolutionized the understanding of the pathophysiology and the management of early pregnancy. This method represents an essential tool for determining the pregnancy viability in cases of threatened miscarriage. An expectant approach in the management of miscarriage could significantly reduce the number of unnecessary evacuations of retained products of conception, depending on the adopted criteria.

Ectopic molar pregnancy: a rare entity

Ectopic molar pregnancy is a rare occurrence and consequently not often considered as a diagnostic possibility. In this article, an attempt was made to stress on the need for histopathological examination and follow up of every case of ectopic pregnancy. This was substantiated with the help of a case report. A 30-year-old gravida4, para3, pregnant woman with a 7-week history of amenorrhea attended hospital with abdominal pain. Per vaginal examination revealed a tender left adnexal mass measuring 4x4 cm and on ultrasonography there was a live fetus corresponding to a 7-week and 6 days gestation with free fluid in the pelvic cavity. Laparotomy, revealed a ruptured left tubal ectopic pregnancy and histopathological examination was suggestive of a molar pregnancy. Although rare, molar changes can occur at any site of an ectopic pregnancy. Clinical diagnosis of a molar pregnancy is difficult but histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosis

Mola hidatiforme e doença trofoblástica gestacional: [revisão] / Hydatidiform mole and gestational trophoblastic disease: [revision]

A mola hidatiforme é uma complicação relativamente infrequente da gravidez, mas com potencial para evolução para formas que necessitam de tratamento sistêmico e podem ser ameaçadoras da vida. Sob a denominação de mola hidatiforme há duas entidades histopatológicas e clínicas: a mola parcial e a completa. As diferenças entre estas duas formas são importantes, devido ao risco de evolução para formas persistentes, ou seja, mais alto para as completas. O diagnóstico da mola hidatiforme, seu tratamento e seguimento após o tratamento inicial sofreram alterações importantes nos últimos anos. O número de pacientes assintomáticas tem aumentado devido ao emprego de ultrassonografia no início da gravidez. Para a resolução da mola hidatiforme é necessário evitar o emprego de medicamentos que induzam contrações uterinas e usar a vácuo-aspiração. Deve ser prescrito o método contraceptivo hormonal logo após o esvaziamento da mola. O seguimento é baseado nas dosagens seriadas semanais de gonadotrofinas coriônicas. É importante que o método empregado detecte todas as formas das gonadotrofinas coriônicas (molécula intacta, hiperglicosilada, subunidade β livre e fragmento central da subunidade β).

The hydatiform mole is a relatively rare pregnancy complication, but with potential to evolve to forms which need systemic treatment and can be a threat to life. There are two histopathological and clinical entities under the name of hydatiform mole: the partial and the complete mole. The differences between the two forms are important due to risk of evolution to persistent forms, which is higher for the complete moles. The diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of hydatiform mole have been under important changes in the last years. The number of asymptomatic patients has increased, due to the use of ultrasonography at the onset of pregnancy. The use of medication that induces uterine contractions must be avoided, and vacuum aspiration should be used. Soon after emptying the mole, a hormonal contraceptive method should be prescribed. Follow-up should be based on weekly serial dosages of chorionic gonadotropin. It is important that the method employed detects all the forms of chorionic gonadotropins (intact molecule, with hyper glycol, free β subunit, and central fragment β subunit).

Displasia mesenquimatosa de la placenta: caso clínico / Placental mesenchymal dysplasia: case report

Placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) is a rare placental anomaly characterized by placentomegaly and grapelike vesicles resembling a molar placenta by ultrasound. A clinical case is presented and we will discuss the differential diagnosis, possible associations and perinatal management.

La displasia mesenquimatosa de la placenta es una anormalidad rara de la placenta caracterizada por una placenta grande con dilataciones quísticas similares a una mola parcial a la ultrasonografía. Se presenta un caso clínico y se discutirá el diagnóstico diferencial, posible asociaciones y manejo perinatal.

Inversión uterina secundaria a legrado por aspiración de embarazo molar en una paciente adolescente / Uterine inversion secondary to suction curettage of molar pregnancy in an adolescent patient

La inversión uterina puerperal es una condición médica rara que ocurre con una frecuencia de 1 en 2,000 embarazos, sin embargo la inversión uterina no puerperal es aún más rara y se encuentra frecuentemente en pacientes mayores de 45 años y asociada a tumores. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 15 años, primigesta, a quien se le realizó un legrado por aspiración endouterina por un embarazo molar y durante el procedimiento presentó inversión uterina. La paciente formo un anillo de constricción, por lo que la inversión fue resuelta con la técnica de Hualtain...

Molar pregnancy - experience at a tertiary care hospital of South Punjab

To determine the frequency, clinical presentation and management outcomes of molar pregnancy. Descriptive cases series. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit-II. Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, from January 2005 to December 2007. The case records of all the gestational trophoblastic cases during the study period were analyzed regarding their history, clinical examination, investigations, treatment and follow up. The main outcomes were measured in terms of duration, antecedent pregnancy, investigations, treatment and follow up. There were a total of 21499 admissions during study period which included 54 cases of molar pregnancy. Hence frequency of Molar pregnancy was 2.5/1000 pregnancies. Most of the patients belonged to the extremes of ages. Most common presenting complaint was bleeding per vagina in 39[72.2%]. Out of 54 patients, suction evacuation was done in 51[94.4%] patients and in only 3[5.5%] patients, ended up in hysterectomy. Forty one [75.9%] patients received no adjuvant therapy, 13[24.1%] received chemotherapy. Among all 54 cases, 51[94.4%] patients fully recovered and 3[5.6%] died because of extensive disease and reported late. In this series, frequency of molar pregnancy was as equal as in different parts of the world. Proper management in the early stages influences the outcome of the disease. Hence the key point of whole discussion is to detect the disease in early stage to decrease the mortality and morbidity of patients

Twin pregnancy one sac with missed miscarriage, second with molar pregnancy

A 32 years old lady G4P2A1, presented with gestational amenorrhoea of 13 weeks and complain of vaginal bleeding one week back. Ultrasound examination revealed an irregular gestational sac with no fetal pole and another well circumscribed mixed echogenecity lesion filling the whole of uterine cavity. Features were consistent with molar pregnancy. Suction curettage was done. Histopathology report revealed complete hydatidiform mole and missed miscarriage